OBJECTIVE
To understand existing and potential impacts of climate change and resource development in the Sahtú region on the landscape, vegetation, water resources and aquatic ecosystems.
PROJECT
The overall objective is to understand existing and potential impacts of climate change and resource development in the Sahtú region on four key aspects: 1) the landscape, 2) vegetation, 3) water resources and 4) aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, the research team seek to understand: a) terrain instability due to permafrost thaw, especially around communities and culturally-important areas; b) vegetation changes due to warming and wildfires, especially in important wildlife habitat areas; c) groundwater and surface water changes (both quantity and quality) in response to climate warming and development; and d) aquatic invertebrate responses to these landscape changes.
For objective 1, existing datasets on ground conditions within the Sahtú will be compiled and analyzed. Using remotely sensed imagery from 2016 the research team will aim to identify all permafrost thaw features within 100 km of Sahtú communities. The team will then use the compiled datasets on ground conditions within these zones of interest to understand the relationship between surface landscape change and subsurface conditions. This will allow the team to generate a fine-scale permafrost thaw risk map that will identify areas of low, medium, and high risk of permafrost thaw. Fieldwork will then be conducted to validate these maps. In areas where the maps predict low, moderate, and severe risk of thermokarst, the team will quantify: 1) surface topography, surface water ponding, and active layer thickness using high-resolution GPS surveying and end of season probing, 2) forest stand density and age as well as total vegetation composition and biomass, and 3) soil bulk density, ground ice content, pH and organic matter concentrations to 3 meters depth using permafrost coring. These variables will provide information on environmental conditions that will be used to predict permafrost stability (for example, the high active layer thickness is indicative of advanced thawing).
For objective 2, trends in ground vegetation recovery and forest succession with time since fire will be determined. This will be used to predict future habitat conditions under regimes of changing wildfire patterns and increased permafrost thaw across the region. Fire history maps (1960-2017) and land cover classifications will be used to identify a range of sites that represent different successional patterns with time since fire. Initially, young (2014), medium (1970s) and old (no fire history) sites will be sampled. At each site, two 30m transects will be established. Species composition and abundance in each site will be determined using quadrat sampling at regular intervals along the transect. Organic layer depth and other soil properties will be measured by digging soil pits to the mineral soil layer and measuring the distance from mineral layer to top of the organic layer at 5m intervals along the vegetation transect. Soils cores 0.3m in length will be collected in six locations and returned to the laboratory for soil bulk density analysis. Lichen will be collected to support the prediction of lichen biomass accumulation. The second transect will be used for the measurement of forest composition and structure. These methods are identical to methods the research team have employed in the Dehcho and Tlicho areas thereby supporting direct comparisons to those regions.
For objective 3, the sampling of several streams, lakes, and springs will occur. At these sites, the team will install several (0.5-2m long, approx. 5 cm diameter) small monitoring piezometers (short-screened wells) in the streambed, banks and at a range of distances from the water bodies to measure water pressures at different depths. This allows the team to understand the rate and direction of groundwater flow. Sensors placed in piezometers will continuously record groundwater temperature and pressure, minimizing the amount of data collection by hand. Seepage meters, which consist of the bottom closed section of a pail or drum with a small collection bag attached, will be placed upside down into the stream or lake bed. Groundwater that is moving upwards and into the lake or stream can be captured and sampled. This also gives an idea of the rate of groundwater flow into the water body. These methods also allow for sampling of water for chemical analysis, therefore samples of surface water and groundwater will be taken. Knowing what chemical constituents are in the water allows the team to understand where the water came from (snow, rain or groundwater) and potentially whether groundwater is coming from the soil above the permafrost or in the rock below the permafrost. Water samples may be extracted from seepage meters, piezometers or directly from the water body, but may also be collected by probes driven into the ground temporarily or by diffusion samplers. These diffusion samplers are left for several days and can be picked up and sampled. A metal rod will also be used to measure the depth to the top of permafrost in sampling areas. Piezometers and seepage meters may be left for the duration of the summer field campaign (approx. 2 weeks) or removed before winter freeze up. There is also the potential for sampling from several deep (90 -110 m) groundwater monitoring wells installed by Husky Energy, pending discussions with them. These wells provide baseline data dating back to 2012, making them important for understanding groundwater conditions.
For objective 4, benthic invertebrates and zooplankton will be collected from small water bodies in the Sahtú Region in sampling sites corresponding with a-c. The research team aim to sample aim to sample 50 small lakes and ponds in the region that have experienced different levels and types of disturbance. Benthic invertebrates will be sampled from the nearshore using a standard protocol that involves using a 500µm mesh D-net to collect organisms over a 3m2 area on each lake. When possible, an inflatable boat will be taken out onto the water body and a grab sampler (Ponar grab) will be used to collect a small sample of sediment from the lake bottom. Zooplankton will be collected using an 80µm mesh zooplankton net. The net will be towed vertically through the water at the deepest point of the lake. The team will also collect physical/chemical data from each water body. A chart plotter will be used to develop a map of the lake bottom, and water quality parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen will be measured. When time allows, a minnow trap will be deployed for four hours to determine if fish are present in the water bodies. Any fish captured will be released alive after inspection of the trap. A 1-litre water sample will be collected from each lake to be processed in the laboratory for additional water quality measurements.
The research project was developed in collaboration with local community members during site visits and community workshops. The goals and objectives outlined here are a result of community-identified needs and concerns. The research team will continue this process throughout the research program to ensure that the goals and objectives remain in line with those of the communities in which the team will work. The research team will also sponsor and host community meetings, open house events to discuss the research informally, on-the-land events with youth and elders, and involvement of community members in the research.
The research team will provide reports and plain language materials detailing the progress and findings to interested parties. Researchers on the project are active in the Ne K’? Dene Ts'i?li? Forum, which provides a regular opportunity for research updates to community members, government, and other scientists. Researchers on the project will meet annually with representatives from the Sahtú Renewable Resources Board, ideally through the annual meeting of the Ne K’? Dene Ts'i?li? Forum and the Norman Wells and Tulita Renewable Resources Council to discuss research findings. The research team will also sponsor and host community meetings, open house events to discuss the research informally, on-the-land events with youth and elders, community outreach initiatives in Territorial parks, and involvement of community members in the research.
The fieldwork for this study was conducted from July 1, 2018, to September 30, 2018.
RELEVANT LINKS
WEBSITES
ARTICLES
Spring, A. (2018). Laurier-led Northern water Futures Project to study water sustainability in the Northwest Territories. NWT-WLU Partnership. Available here: https://nwtwlu.com/2018/07/18/512/
Telford, J. (2019). Using paleolimnology to establish baseline conditions for metal contaminants in advance of proposed mining to inform a northern community-led aquatic monitoring program, Tłı̨chǫ Lands, Northwest Territories, Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 2134. Accessed here: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2134